Republicans Donald Trump Democrats Congress
  See $$$ From Your Zip Code $10,618,476,973 in Contributions for 2020 Election
Home | Money Search | Top 25 Candidates | Election News | About
Data Updated on 7/11/2020

John Allen
Political Campaign Contributions
2008 Election Cycle

Contribution Totals

Download all contribution records for this person
from 1999 to present
To a Spreadsheet or Other File Type
2020 Transaction Count/Amount 546/$63,158
2018 Transaction Count/Amount 759/$92,662
2016 Transaction Count/Amount 1,608/$114,548
2014 Transaction Count/Amount 90/$60,741
2012 Transaction Count/Amount 128/$73,090
2010 Transaction Count/Amount 86/$72,365
2008 Transaction Count/Amount 115/$76,594
2006 Transaction Count/Amount 78/$43,439
2004 Transaction Count/Amount 103/$72,613
2002 Transaction Count/Amount 45/$31,605
2000 Transaction Count/Amount 87/$48,730

Download all contribution records for this person
from 1999 to present
To a Spreadsheet or Other File Type

John Allen Political Contributions in 2008

Name & LocationEmployer/OccupationDollar
Amount		DatePrimary/
General		Contibuted To
ALLEN, JOHN E
GLENDALE, AZ
85306		LOGON CONSULTING/ENGINEER$250 11/23/2008 P NATIONAL REPUBLICAN SENATORIAL COMMITTEE - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN M
COCOA BEACH, FL
32931		$-200 11/17/2008 P JOHN MCCAIN 2008 INC. - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN MR.
PORT LUDLOW, WA
98365		RETIRED/RETIRED$250 11/08/2008 P MCCAIN-PALIN VICTORY 2008 - Republican
Allen, John
MAYWOOD, NJ
07607		Whole Foods Market/Meat Cutter$201 11/06/2008 P DNC SERVICES CORPORATION/DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE - Democrat
Allen, John
LARCHMONT, NY
10538		Westchester County/Deputy County Cl$250 11/02/2008 G OBAMA FOR AMERICA - Democrat
Allen, John Ed
DENTON, TX
76209		University of North Texas/Math Prof$250 10/31/2008 P OBAMA VICTORY FUND - Democrat
Allen, John M
COLLEGE STATION, TX
77845		Allen Honda/Automobile Dealer$500 10/28/2008 P NATIONAL REPUBLICAN TRUST PAC, THE
ALLEN, JOHN F
MIAMI BEACH, FL
33139		ST. REGIS GROUP/BUSINESS EXECUTIVE$2,300 10/27/2008 P FRIENDS OF BARBARA BOXER - Democrat
ALLEN, JOHN E. MR.
GLENDALE, AZ
85308		LOGON CONSULTING/ENGINEER$1,000 10/27/2008 G MCCAIN-PALIN COMPLIANCE FUND INC. - Republican
Allen, John Ed
DENTON, TX
76209		University of North Texas/Math Prof$250 10/23/2008 P OBAMA VICTORY FUND - Democrat
Allen, John H
DALLAS, TX
75230		Allen Law Firm/Atty, Sole Proprieto$250 10/21/2008 G ERIC ROBERSON FOR CONGRESS CAMPAIGN - Democrat
Allen, John W.
MANSFIELD, OH
44902		Self/Attorney$200 10/20/2008 G JIM JORDAN FOR CONGRESS - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN N. MR.
NAPLES, FL
34102		SELF-EMPLOYED/INVESTOR$5,000 10/17/2008 P MCCAIN-PALIN VICTORY 2008 - Republican
Allen, John Ed
DENTON, TX
76209		University of North Texas/Math Prof$250 10/16/2008 P OBAMA VICTORY FUND - Democrat
Allen, John T III
NEW ROADS, LA
70760		Pointe Coupee General Hospital/Phys$400 10/14/2008 G CAZAYOUX FOR CONGRESS - Democrat
Allen, John
KALAMAZOO, MI
49008		Varnum Riddering Schmidt Howle/Atto$500 10/13/2008 G UPTON FOR ALL OF US - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN MURPHY MR.
COLLEGE STATION, TX
77845		ALLEN HONDA/AUTOMOBILE DEALER$1,000 10/09/2008 P MCCAIN-PALIN VICTORY 2008 - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN
MCLEAN, VA
22101		BB&T/INVESTMENT BANKER$500 09/30/2008 G JIM GILMORE FOR SENATE - Republican
Allen, John Ed
DENTON, TX
76209		University of North Texas/Math Prof$500 09/27/2008 P OBAMA VICTORY FUND - Democrat
Allen, John C. Jr.
SHEPHERDSTOWN, WV
25443		Self-Employed/Historian$1,800 09/25/2008 G ANNE BARTH FOR CONGRESS - Democrat
ALLEN, JOHN M
PLEASANT RIDGE, MI
48069		ALLEN BROTHERS/ATTORNEY$1,000 09/22/2008 G FRIENDS OF SENATOR CARL LEVIN - Democrat
ALLEN, JOHN M. MR.
COCOA BEACH, FL
32931		SELF-EMPLOYED/CONSULTING ENGINEER$200 09/18/2008 P JOHN MCCAIN 2008 INC. - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN K
KING GEORGE, VA
22485		N/A/RETIRED$250 09/17/2008 G FRIENDS OF MARK WARNER - Democrat
Allen, John
HILLSBORO, OR
97124		Taylor & Co/Property Manager$250 09/17/2008 G OBAMA FOR AMERICA - Democrat
ALLEN, JOHN MR.
COALTON, WV
26257		J. F. ALLEN COMPANY/CHAIRMAN$1,000 09/15/2008 P MCCAIN-PALIN VICTORY 2008 - Republican
Allen, John Mr.
INDIALANTIC, FL
32903		$200 09/15/2008 P REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE - Republican
Allen, John
HOLLYWOOD, CA
90068		Self employed/Filmmaker$250 09/10/2008 P MOVEON.ORG POLITICAL ACTION
Allen, John Ed
DENTON, TX
76209		University of North Texas/Math Prof$250 09/09/2008 G OBAMA FOR AMERICA - Democrat
Allen, John
LACONIA, NH
03246		Not employed/Retired$250 09/09/2008 G OBAMA FOR AMERICA - Democrat
Allen, John R Mr.
ZANESVILLE, OH
43702		Allen & Baughman/Attorney$250 09/08/2008 P REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN MR.
PORTLAND, OR
97213		RETIRED/RETIRED$250 09/07/2008 G MCCAIN-PALIN COMPLIANCE FUND INC. - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN MR.
COALTON, WV
26257		J. F. ALLEN COMPANY/CHAIRMAN$2,300 09/07/2008 P MCCAIN-PALIN VICTORY 2008 - Republican
Allen, John B.
FARMINGDALE, NY
11735		Wharton B. Allen Agency, Inc./Insur$250 09/05/2008 P INDEPENDENT INSURANCE AGENTS & BROKERS OF AMERICA, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (INSURP
Allen, John
LARCHMONT, NY
10538		Westchester County/Deputy County Cl$250 08/29/2008 G OBAMA FOR AMERICA - Democrat
Allen, John D. Mr.
MURRIETA, CA
92562		$400 08/28/2008 P REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN DAVID DR.
ATLANTA, GA
30305		RETIRED/RETIRED$1,300 08/22/2008 P MCCAIN VICTORY 2008 - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN M. MR.
COCOA BEACH, FL
32931		SELF-EMPLOYED/CONSULTING ENGINEER$200 08/18/2008 P JOHN MCCAIN 2008 INC. - Republican
Allen, John Mr. FACHE
KEARNEY, NE
68848		Good Samaritan Health Systems/Presi$350 08/15/2008 P AMERICAN HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION PAC
Allen, John
HOUSTON, TX
77084		G&A Partners/PEO Executive$1,000 08/14/2008 P NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYER ORGANIZATIONS PAC (NAPEO PAC)
ALLEN, JOHN P. MR.
CINCINNATI, OH
45241		R.A. CONSULTANTS L.L.C./OWNER$1,000 08/13/2008 P MCCAIN VICTORY OHIO - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN W. MR.
KALAMAZOO, MI
49008		VARNUM ATTORNEYS/OWNER$250 07/31/2008 P NATIONAL REPUBLICAN CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN
LONG BEACH, CA
90815		LOS ANGELES COUNTY/PROSECUTOR$500 07/24/2008 P DEMOCRATIC SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE - Democrat
ALLEN, JOHN M. MR.
BAKERSFIELD, CA
93311		SELF-EMPLOYED/FARMER$1,000 07/24/2008 P MCCAIN VICTORY CALIFORNIA - Republican
Allen, John
FORT LAUDERDALE, FL
33316		Not employed/Retired$250 07/23/2008 P OBAMA FOR AMERICA - Democrat
ALLEN, JOHN K
WEST FALMOUTH, MA
02574		WEST FALMOUTH ASSOCIATES LLC/PSYCHO$250 07/21/2008 P REED COMMITTEE - Democrat
Allen, John
ST. GEORGE, UT
84770		Banker$250 07/18/2008 P UTAH BANKERS ASSOCIATION ACTION PAC
Allen, John L.
SLINGERLANDS, NY
12159		Whiteman Osterman/Attorney$250 07/08/2008 P PAUL TONKO FOR CONGRESS - Democrat
Allen, John
WEST FALMOUTH, MA
02574		West Falmouth Associates LLC (self)$250 07/07/2008 P ACTBLUE
Allen, John C. Jr.
SHEPHERDSTOWN, WV
25443		Self-Employed/Historian$500 06/28/2008 G ANNE BARTH FOR CONGRESS - Democrat
ALLEN, JOHN MURPHY MR.
COLLEGE STATION, TX
77845		ALLEN HONDA/AUTOMOBILE DEALER$500 06/27/2008 P JOHN MCCAIN 2008 INC. - Republican
Allen, John
LONG BEACH, CA
90815		Los Angeles County/Attorney$500 06/20/2008 P DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSIONAL CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE - Democrat
Allen, John
BAINBRIDGE ISLAND, WA
98110		John R. Allen/Software Engineer$250 06/16/2008 P OBAMA FOR AMERICA - Democrat
ALLEN, JOHN W
BOISE, ID
83712		N/A/RETIRED$250 05/31/2008 P DEMOCRATIC SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE - Democrat
Allen, John C
RIVER FOREST, IL
60305		State of IL/General Counsel$1,000 05/28/2008 P OBAMA FOR AMERICA - Democrat
Allen, John
FORT LAUDERDALE, FL
33316		Not employed/Not employed$250 05/22/2008 P HILLARY CLINTON FOR PRESIDENT - Democrat
Allen, John
OAKLAND, CA
94618		Self-employed/Insurance Agent$250 04/28/2008 P OBAMA FOR AMERICA - Democrat
Allen, John J
JACKSONVILLE, FL
32210		Allen Land Group, Inc./Developer$2,300 04/25/2008 P HILLARY CLINTON FOR PRESIDENT - Democrat
Allen, John C.
HOUSTON, TX
77010		John C. Allen P.C./Attorney$1,000 04/24/2008 G COMMITTEEE TO ELECT LARRY JOE DOHERTY - Democrat
Allen, John
NEW PRESTON, CT
06777		Danbury Square Box CO/CEO$1,000 04/20/2008 P CAPPIELLO-CONNECTICUT VICTORY 08 - Republican
Allen, John Mr.
NEW PRESTON, CT
06777		Danbury Square Box/Owner$1,000 04/20/2008 P COMMITTEE TO ELECT DAVID CAPPIELLO FOR CONGRESS - Republican
Allen, John
SANTEE, CA
92071		Sharp Hospital/RN$200 04/19/2008 P HILLARY CLINTON FOR PRESIDENT - Democrat
ALLEN, JOHN T MR
HIXSON, TN
37343		RETIRED$603 04/04/2008 P NATIONAL REPUBLICAN SENATORIAL COMMITTEE - Republican
Allen, John A
FORT LAUDERDALE, FL
33316		N/A/Retired$250 03/31/2008 P DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSIONAL CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE - Democrat
ALLEN, JOHN MR.
PORT JEFFERSON STA, NY
11776		CANON USA/DIRECTOR SALES$1,000 03/28/2008 P JOHN MCCAIN 2008 INC. - Republican
Allen, John N.
NAPLES, FL
34102		self-employed/real estate developer$200 03/24/2008 G FRIENDS OF CONNIE MACK - Republican
Allen, John N.
NAPLES, FL
34102		self-employed/real estate developer$1,800 03/24/2008 P FRIENDS OF CONNIE MACK - Republican
Allen, John C. Jr.
SHEPHERDSTOWN, WV
25443		Self-Employed/Historian$2,300 03/20/2008 P ANNE BARTH FOR CONGRESS - Democrat
Allen, John
LONG BEACH, CA
90815		County of Los Angeles/Attorney$250 03/20/2008 P COMMITTEE TO RE-ELECT CONGRESSMAN DANA ROHRABACHER - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN N. MR.
NAPLES, FL
34102		$2,300 03/12/2008 P JOHN MCCAIN 2008 INC. - Republican
Allen, John T.
AUSTIN, TX
78728		Dell Inc./Technical Support Special$250 03/12/2008 P DELL INC. EMPLOYEE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE
Allen, John
FORT LAUDERDALE, FL
33316		Not employed/Not employed$250 02/29/2008 P HILLARY CLINTON FOR PRESIDENT - Democrat
Allen, John T III
NEW ROADS, LA
70760		Pointe Coupee General Hospital/phys$500 02/20/2008 CAZAYOUX FOR CONGRESS - Democrat
Allen, John H.
GREENSBORO, NC
27410		Allen Industries, Inc./Vice Preside$1,000 02/12/2008 P INTERNATIONAL SIGN ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE AKA SIGN PAC
Allen, John S
LACONIA, NH
03246		Not employed/Retired$250 02/10/2008 P OBAMA FOR AMERICA - Democrat
Allen, John W
MURRIETA, CA
92563		$230 02/07/2008 P CALIFORNIA REPUBLICAN PARTY/V8 - Republican
Allen, John T. Mr.
BURKE, VA
22009		none/none$250 02/04/2008 P COMMITTEE TO RE-ELECT RON PAUL - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN REYNOLDS MR.
TAMPA, FL
33611		$250 01/17/2008 P JOHN MCCAIN 2008 INC. - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN O. MR. JR.
HUNTSVILLE, NC
28078		FIRST CHARTER/BANKER$500 01/09/2008 P ROMNEY FOR PRESIDENT INC. - Republican
Allen, John Michael Mr.
NANTUCKET, MA
02584		Nantucket Fire Dept./Fire Fighter /$275 01/07/2008 P INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FIREFIGHTERS INTERESTED IN REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION PAC
Allen, John Michael Mr.
NANTUCKET, MA
02584		Nantucket Fire Dept./Fire Fighter /$335 01/07/2008 P INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FIREFIGHTERS INTERESTED IN REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION PAC
ALLEN, JOHN A
CORPUS CHRISTI, TX
78418		HY-VEE, INC/RETIREE$400 12/20/2007 P HY-VEE INC EMPLOYEES' POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE
ALLEN, JOHN N. MR.
NAPLES, FL
34102		SELF-EMPLOYED/REAL ESTATE INVESTOR$2,300 12/12/2007 P ROMNEY FOR PRESIDENT INC. - Republican
Allen, John
EVANS, GA
30809		Betson Allen/Owner$1,000 12/06/2007 P BARRY FLEMING FOR CONGRESS - Republican
Allen, John
PHILLIPS, NE
68865		Self/Doctor$2,500 12/05/2007 P JOHANNS VICTORY 2008 COMMITTEE - Republican
Allen, John Mr.
KEARNEY, NE
68848		Good Samaritan Health Systems/Presi$250 11/29/2007 P AMERICAN HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION PAC
Allen, John S
LACONIA, NH
03246		Not employed/Retired$250 11/28/2007 P OBAMA FOR AMERICA - Democrat
Allen, John W.
MANSFIELD, OH
44902		Self/Attorney$500 11/28/2007 P JIM JORDAN FOR CONGRESS - Republican
Allen, John W. Mr.
KALAMAZOO, MI
49008		Varnum Riddering Schmidt Howle/Atto$500 11/08/2007 P UPTON FOR ALL OF US - Republican
Allen, John
FORT LAUDERDALE, FL
33316		Not employed/Not employed$250 10/27/2007 P HILLARY CLINTON FOR PRESIDENT - Democrat
Allen, John T. Mr.
BURKE, VA
22009		none/none$500 10/18/2007 P RON PAUL 2008 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE - Republican
Allen, John I.
BLOOMINGTON, MN
55438		Minnesota Gastroenterology/Physicia$1,000 10/11/2007 P AGA TRADE ASSOCIATION INC PAC
Allen, John D.S.
LONG BEACH, CA
90815		L.A. County/Deputy Dist. Attorney$250 10/04/2007 JENNY OROPEZA FOR CONGRESS - Democrat
ALLEN, JOHN
PORTLAND, OR
97213		RETIRED$250 09/30/2007 P FRED THOMPSON POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE - Republican
Allen, John M. Mr.
COLLEGE STATION, TX
77845		Allen Honda/Automobile Dealer$300 09/24/2007 P REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE - Republican
Allen, John
HOLLYWOOD, CA
90068		Self employed/filmmaker$250 09/22/2007 P MOVEON.ORG POLITICAL ACTION
Allen, John
MINNEAPOLIS, MN
55401		Self/Real Estate Investor$1,000 09/05/2007 P FRIENDS OF JOHN BOEHNER - Republican
Allen, John M.
BAKERSFIELD, CA
93311		Self/Grower$500 08/31/2007 P BLUE DIAMOND GROWERS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (FKA CALIF ALMOND GROWERS EXCHANGE PAC)
Allen, John A.
FORT LAUDERDALE, FL
33316		N/A/Retired$250 08/27/2007 P DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSIONAL CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE - Democrat
Allen, John W. Mr. CLU, ChFC
LONG BEACH, CA
90802		The Allen Company/PRINCIPAL$500 08/27/2007 P NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF INSURANCE AND FINANCIAL ADVISORS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE - Unknown
Allen, John
BLOOMINGTON, MN
55438		Minnesota Gastroenterology/Gastroen$500 07/27/2007 P JIM RAMSTAD VOLUNTEER COMMITTEE - Republican
Allen, John
COALTON, WV
26257		J.F. Allen Company/Executive$2,300 06/15/2007 P SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO FOR CONGRESS - Republican
Allen, John N.
NAPLES, FL
34102		self-employed/real estate developer$500 06/13/2007 P FRIENDS OF CONNIE MACK - Republican
Allen, John D.
NORTH AUGUSTA, SC
29860		North Augusta Pediatrics/Physician$1,000 06/11/2007 P HUCKABEE FOR PRESIDENT, INC. - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN W MR.
HOUSTON, TX
77084		G. & A. PARTNERS/C.P.A. & BUSINESS$200 05/30/2007 P ROMNEY FOR PRESIDENT INC. - Republican
Allen, John T. Mr.
BURKE, VA
22009		retired/retired law librarian$1,000 05/26/2007 P RON PAUL 2008 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE - Republican
Allen, John D.S.
LONG BEACH, CA
90815		L.A. County/Deputy Dist. Attorney$250 05/14/2007 JENNY OROPEZA FOR CONGRESS - Democrat
Allen, John M Mr.
COLLEGE STATION, TX
77845		Allen Honda/Automobile Dealer$300 05/08/2007 P REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE - Republican
Allen, John I
BLOOMINGTON, MN
55438		Minnesota Gastroenterology/Physicia$1,000 05/02/2007 P AGA TRADE ASSOCIATION INC PAC
Allen, John C Mr.
ORMOND BEACH, FL
32175		Self/Attorney$250 03/08/2007 P NATIONAL REPUBLICAN CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE - Republican
Allen, John S
LACONIA, NH
03246		Not employed/Retired$250 03/08/2007 P OBAMA FOR AMERICA - Democrat
Allen, John W
DOWNERS GROVE, IL
60515		Towers Perkin/Principal Consulting$1,000 03/07/2007 P OBAMA FOR AMERICA - Democrat
ALLEN, JOHN MR.
ST. GEORGE, UT
84770		SUNFIRST BANK/BANKING$1,000 03/05/2007 P ROMNEY FOR PRESIDENT INC. - Republican
ALLEN, JOHN J
LISLE, IL
60532		NAVISTAR INTERNATIONAL/PRESIDENT$500 01/24/2007 P FRIENDS OF DICK DURBIN COMMITTEE - Democrat
ALLEN, JOHN W MR.
HOUSTON, TX
77084		G. & A. PARTNERS/C.P.A. & BUSINESS$2,100 01/23/2007 P ROMNEY FOR PRESIDENT INC. - Republican
Allen, John
NEW YORK, NY
10022		Debevoise & Plimpton$250 12/28/2006 P CHRIS DODD FOR PRESIDENT INC - Democrat

Search

Contributors:
   Individual's Name
   Employer
   Occupation
   City
   County
   Zip Code
   State
Candidates:
   Name
   Party
   State
Committees (PACs):
   Name
   Category
"527" Organizations:
   Organizations
   Contributors by Name
   Contributors by Zip
Lobbyists:
   Name
   Client

Directories

   Top $$$ Contributors
   Contributions by Zip
   Candidates by State
   Committees (PACs)
   527 Organizations

Reports

Celebrity Contributors:
   Aaron Sorkin
   Andrew Fastow
   Arnold Palmer
   Arnold Schwarzenegger
   Ben Affleck
   Bill Cosby
   Bill Gates
   Calvin Klein
   Dennis Kozlowski
   Donald Trump
   George Soros
   Hugh Hefner
   Jack Grubman
   Jeff Skilling
   John Grisham
   John Rigas
   Ken Lay
   Martha Stewart
   Mel Gibson
   Oprah Winfrey
   Ralph Lauren
   Donald Trump
   Richard Scrushy
   Rush Limbaugh
   Sam Waksal
   Scott Sullivan
   Steven Spielberg
   Tom Cruise
   Tommy Hilfiger
Industry Contributors:
   CEO/Chief Executives
   College Professors
   Journalists/Reporters
   Trial Lawyers
   Golf Professionals
   Poker Professionals
   Mortgage Brokers
   Futures Brokers
   Stock Brokers
   Options Brokers
   Life Insurance
   Health Insurance
   Auto Insurance
   Securities Lawyers
   Boats & Yachts
   Defense Contracts
   Nonprofits
   Aircraft
Baseball Contributors:
   New York Yankees
   Boston Red Sox
   Chicago Cubs
Notable Politicians:
   Barack Obama
   George W Bush
   John Kerry
   Ralph Nader
   Hillary Clinton
Companies:
   Microsoft
   CNN
   Apple Computer
   New York Times
   News Corporation
   Nike
   Halliburton
   General Electric
   Exxon Mobil
   Ford Motor
   Anheuser Busch
Top 10 Contributors:
   Thomas Steyer
   Linda Mcmahon
   Sheldon Adelson
   Miriam Adelson
   Bob Perry
   Michael Bloomberg
   Harold Simmons
   Fred Eychaner
   J Ricketts
   John Raese




Copyright © 2024 CampaignMoney.com All rights reserved.  disclaimer